Paper071. Same 2×2: 40 melanoma, 160 not; 32 true positives, 24 false positives. Specificity?A. 32/40B. 136/160 = 85%C. 32/56 in this NHS general-practice settingD. 24/40 in this NHS general-practice settingCheck
Paper072. A trial of a migraine drug: 15% have a moderate–severe attack at 2 h on placebo vs 5% on drug. ARR and NNT?A. ARR 10 percentage points; NNT 10B. ARR 15%; NNT 15C. ARR 5%; NNT 5 in this NHS general-practice settingD. RRR 10%; NNT 0.1 in this NHS general-practice settingCheck
Paper073. A very specific test (Sp 99%) is used to ‘screen’ a condition with prevalence 0.1%. What happens to PPV? The most appropriate action is: PPV is still low because prevalence is tiny — high specificity does not guarantee a high PPV in rare diseaseTRUE. TrueFALSE. FalseCheck
Paper074. Researchers compare past solvent exposure in 80 people with newly diagnosed MS versus 80 clinic controls without MS. Design?A. Case–control study in this NHS general-practice settingB. RCTC. Prospective inception cohort starting before exposureD. N-of-1 trialCheck
Paper075. A dementia-drug trial recruits only from a private memory clinic that excludes vascular disease. External validity?A. Perfect external validityB. Selection bias / limited generalisability to typical NHS mixed dementiaC. This is only recall bias in this NHS general-practice settingD. Randomisation of clinics is automatic in this NHS general-practice settingCheck
Paper076. A case–control study of migraine and childhood diet relies on 40-year-old food memories. Main bias?A. Observer-expectancy from unblinded outcome assessors onlyB. Lead-time bias in this NHS general-practice setting in this NHS general-practice settingC. Recall bias in this NHS general-practice setting in this NHS general-practice settingD. Length-time bias in this NHS general-practice settingCheck
Paper077. Mean BP difference −8 mmHg, 95% CI −12 to −4. Interpretation? The most appropriate action is: A reduction of between 4 and 12 mmHg is compatible with the data at 95% confidence; the interval excludes 0TRUE. TrueFALSE. FalseCheck
Paper078. A neuro-oncology screening test finds gliomas earlier; survival from diagnosis lengthens but death dates do not change. Bias?A. Overdiagnosis only as the only nameB. Lead-time bias in this NHS general-practice settingC. Hawthorne only in this NHS general-practice settingD. Attrition only in this NHS general-practice settingCheck
Paper079. An RCT of a neurology drug analyses only the 60% who took every tablet. What analysis is missing for a pragmatic effect? Select TWO correct statements.Select all that apply.A. Most appropriate: Intention-to-treat (analyse as randomised) in this NHS general-practice settingB. The following is not the most appropriate next step: Per-protocol is always more conservative for effectivenessC. Most appropriate: As-treated is the CONSORT default for effectiveness in this NHS general-practice settingD. Most appropriate: Excluding non-adherers always reduces bias in this NHS general-practice settingCheck
Paper0710. A 71-year-old with Parkinson’s still drives a car. When must they notify DVLA?A. Parkinson’s never affects Group 1 in this NHS general-practice setting which is not the safest next step in NHS general practiceB. Only Group 2 notifies in this NHS general-practice setting which is not the safest next step in NHS general practiceC. They must notify DVLA of Parkinson’s; fitness depends on safe control, not the diagnosis word aloneD. GP notifies instead of telling the patient their duty in this NHS general-practice settingCheck